Spectral fluorescence variation of pollen and spores from recent peat-forming plants

The fluorescence properties of spores and pollen grains examined under ultraviolet incident light are used to assess the maturity of sedimentary organic matter and may have other applications in relation to recent sediments, in areas such as paleoenvironmental research. In this study pollen grains and spores from 33 species common in peat ecosystems were mounted on a glass slide in accordance with standard palynologycal procedures for recent plants. The main objective of this work was to assess the variability of fluorescence spectra of pollens and spores within a single species or even within a single sample. A minimum of 10 spectra were recorded from each sample and were averaged to obtain a spectrum characteristic of each sample. Both the average scattering and the scattering in different spectral regions were calculated using the standard deviation (SD) and the coefficient of variation (CV). The effect of the preparation techniques was assessed on some samples of Ericaceae taxa. The results indicated similar spectra for alcohol-washed and distilled water-washed samples, whereas the application of an acetolysis solution caused an increase in intensity and a shift to longer wavelengths. The spectra corresponding to the Sphagnum spores had the lowest intensity of all the families studied and displayed their maxima at the lowest registered wavelengths. They often showed a peak in the red region of the spectra, causing a larger scatter in fluorescence in this region. This peak is probably the result of wax or cytoplasmic material attached to the exospore. A significant number of Ericaceae taxa had two fluorescing pollen populations: a blue one of high intensity and smaller size and a yellow-orange one of low intensity and larger size. This difference could be related to different degrees of maturity of the pollen grains. In the case of pollen grains of herbaceous, tree and bush plants the largest scatter was found in the tails of the spectra toward the blue and red regions. The decreasing trend of fluorescence intensity with the shift of the spectra toward red was not observed in the pollen and spores of fresh plants. A good correlation was found between the spectral maxima (λmax) and the red-green quotient (QR/G) regardless of the type of plant.Financial support from MICINN (CGL2009-13990-C02-01/02), MINECO (CGL2013-46458-C2-1-R) and a FPU fellowship from MEC for J. Urbanczyk are gratefully acknowledged.Peer reviewe

Biomarkers and inorganic proxies in the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of mires: The importance of landscape in Las Conchas (Asturias, Northern Spain)

We determined the lipid distributions (n-alkanes, n-alkan-2-ones, n-alkanoic acids), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), Ca/Mg and ash content in Las Conchas mire, a 3.2 m deep bryophyte-dominated mire in Northern Spain covering 8000 cal yr BP. Bog conditions developed in the bottom 20 cm of the profile, and good preservation of organic matter (OM) was inferred from n-alkanoic acid distribution, with the exception of the uppermost 20 cm (last ca. 200 yr). Microbial synthesis of long chain saturated fatty acids from primary OM likely produced a dominance of short chain n-alkanoic acids with a bimodal distribution, as well as the lack of correspondence between the n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid profiles in the upper 20 cm. This was accompanied by an increase in ash content, a decrease in TOC and variation in n-alkane ratios, thereby suggesting significant changes in the mire, namely drainage and transformation to a meadow, in the last ca. 200 yr. The distribution of n-alkan-2-ones indicated an increase in bacterial source from the bottom of the record to 94 cm, whereas their distribution in the upper part could be attributed mainly to plant input and/or the microbial oxidation of n-alkanes. The different n-alkane proxies showed variations, which we interpreted in terms of changes in vegetation (Sphagnum vs. non-Sphagnum dominated phases) during the last 8000 cal yr BP. C23 was the most abundant homolog throughout most of the record, thereby suggesting dominant humid conditions alternating with short drier phases. However, such humid conditions were not linked to paleoclimatic variation but rather to geomorphological characteristics: Las Conchas mire, at the base of the Cuera Range, receives continuous runoff—even during drier periods—which is not necessarily accompanied by additional mineral input to peat, producing the development of Sphagnum moss typical of waterlogged ecotopes and damp habitats. Thus, although geochemical proxies indicated an ombrotrophic regime in the mire, geomorphological characteristics may make a considerable contribution to environmental conditions

Organic geochemical evidence of postglacial paleoenvironmental evolution of the Comeya peatland (Asturias, N Spain)

Comeya peatland is located in Picos de Europa National Park (N. Spain) at 851 m above sea level, representing the continuous postglacial infill of a hollow (growth rate = 0.4 mm/yr) during the last 15,000 cal. yr BP. Three intervals can be distinguished in the profile: the bottom one, with ash content close to 90%, which is previous to the peatland installation in the area and is followed by an interval with oscillating ash content (30–60%) probably related to alluvial fan sedimentation. The uppermost one corresponds to the peat deposit with ash content generally close to 10%. The present day vegetation consists of Sphagnum species with herbaceous plants and heathers. The study comprises the analysis of some biomarkers with potential as palaeoenvironmental proxies quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, supported by bulk δ13C and δ15N isotopic. The biomarker assemblage is dominated by the n-alkanes and methyl-ketones with medium-to-high molecular weight and odd number of carbons. The biomarker ratios indicate an enrichment in Sphagnum characteristic compounds at 120–250 cm (3150–6350 cal. yr BP) reflecting more humid conditions. This episode coincides with higher C/N atomic ratio, higher values of δ13C and lower of δ15N. The wetter conditions of this interval are also shown by the depleted δD values of the n-alkane, particularly those related with mosses as (n-C23 and n-C25) and the enriched δ13C values of both n-alkanes and methyl-ketones. Segregation of δ13C values has been observed for homologues series in Comeya peat with medium molecular weight n-alkanes typical of mosses living in waterlogged environments, being enriched in δ13C values compared with higher molecular weight n-alkanes typical of woody and herbaceous plants of drier habitats. This study has shown a slight enrichment of δ13C values of methyl-ketones compared to n-alkanes, the differences being not conclusive to support a common or different origin for both compound classes.The financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (CGL2009-13990-C02-01), MINECO (CGL2013-46458-C2-1-R) and ERD funds is gratefully acknowledged. J. Urbanczyk thanks MEC for a FPU fellowship and for support for a 3 months stay at Leoben University.Peer reviewe

Maceral composition and molecular markers of two condensed Middle Holocene peat profiles in N Spain

This study deals with the palaeohydrological information obtained from lipids composition and vegetal tissue preservation of two peat cores from Asturias, North Spain. The two profiles differ in the type of peatland (raised bog in La Borbolla and blanket bog in Buelna) and the type of organic matter being more bryophytic in the raised bog and more herbaceous in the blanket bog. The peatlands are located close to the coast on impermeable, old flat erosion surfaces which favoured peat accumulation within a distance of 3.5 km from each other. The accumulation rate varied between 0.05 and 0.07 mm/yr and the records extend from around 9000 to 2500 cal. yr BP. The main differences between the two peat sites can be summarized as follows: the raised bog has lower mineral matter content and H/C atomic ratio and higher C/N ratio and extraction yields compared to the blanket bog. It has also a higher Tissue Preservation Index for Huminite macerals and increasing Inertodetrinite Index with depth. Regarding biomarkers, the raised bog has a relatively higher concentration of n-alkane-2-ones compared to the corresponding n-alkane of similar carbon number, higher concentration of medium- vs. high-molecular-weight-methyl-ketones and higher triterpenoids/steroids ratio than the blanket bog. Alternating humid/dry periods have been recorded in both profiles based on lipid concentrations indicating that the Sphagnum-rich intervals in the raised bog are more sensitive than the herbaceous blanket peat record to climatic variations. The main humid intervals identified are dated as 5000–7500 cal. yr BP in the blanket bog and as 6000–3500 cal. yr BP and last 2500 cal. yr BP in the raised bog and correlate with the humid periods traced in other peatlands locations in this region. The transition Middle-to-Late Holocene is characterized by humid conditions in the region which favoured the Sphagnum growth in the peats. The reflectance of huminite in these records appears to be more related with differences in the oxidative conditions than with variation of peat maturity. It is higher in the layers with high mineral matter content at the beginning of organic matter accumulation and also in the upper part of the profile subjected to seasonal desiccation. A more intense biochemical gelification coincides with higher concentration of hopanoids derived from bacteria in the upper part of the profile (acrotelm). High amount of nonadecan-2-one (K19) and high concentrations of triterpenyl acetates, which are also determined in other peat profiles from Northern Spain are also detected in these profiles. This indicates that the specific conditions required for the formation of these compounds, probably associated to wet temperate climate, dominated throughout the region.The financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (CGL2009-13990-C02-01), MINECO (CGL2013-46458-C2-1-R) and ERD funds is gratefully acknowledged. J. Urbanczyk thanks MEC for a FPU fellowship.Peer reviewe

Risk for Major Bleeding in Patients Receiving Ticagrelor Compared With Aspirin After Transient Ischemic Attack or Acute Ischemic Stroke in the SOCRATES Study (Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Treated With Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes)

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